BOLT

QUESTION 1   

this is the cross section taken from pressure cylinder. A total of N bolt is to be used to resist a separating force of 160kN.

(a)  find the stiffness and constant C

(b)  find minimum number of bolts required using a factor of safety of 2 and accounting for the fact that the bolts may be reused when joint is taken preload?

Note : the size of bolt= M16 * 2 . The material of member E=79GPa. Flange area 1.5 times of diameter of bolt. And t=l/2.

, Proof strength, yield strength

Question 2

Two shafts are connected by means of a flange coupling to transmit torque 250Nm.

The flanges are fastened by four bolts of same material at radius of 30mm.

Find the standard size bolt if the allowable shear stress for the bolt material is 300MPa.

Question 3

Permissible shear stress for welds shown is 140MPa. For each case find the load F  that would cause such a shear stress

b

a

   

--- --- Sent by WhatsApp

Check hili game

--- --- Sent by WhatsApp

Story

Do you know why goat have a short nail and why sheep & dog their live together without fighting each other .if you want to know read this story below
                Once upon a day there was two animals living together and their always happy because their share their problem,happiness and other event .there was distribution of work between these animal always sheep contribute cooking oil from his nail and goat was always cooking .their lived happily many years ago. when time come for sheep to contribute cooking oil he take his nail and put it on a hot pot and oil come out from his body and then goat proceed his duties  of cooking.
         One day before sheep contribute cooking oil  goat feel tire with cooking duties then he told sheep that today i will contribute oil and help me to cook .sheep he doesn't  resist he go out to. find vegetable in the garden on behind goat took pot and put it on the fire until it get hot he copied sheep style then as usually he put his nail in the hot pot suddenly his nail bunt and stalk in the hot pot goat start crying with a large voice"am dying am dying help me please " he cried for half an hour no one come to help him at that time sheep was in the garden he start running with his long nail stalk in the hot pot he run up to the river then he jump to the river until his pain cut off when he come out his long nail was broken and he remained with a short nail until now that is why you see goat with shot nail.

                After he went home he was very sad he explain to sheep every thing to him sheep also get sad at that day sheep do all work himself he prepared cooking oil then food other days duties were proceeded as before that is sheep he provide cooking oil and goat he cook then their live happy until now sheep and dog are friend their can live in the same house their can't fight each other.
           Advantage of sheep and goat at our home
-Their can act as food
-their provide skin that can be used for other purpose
-their a can make home good because of their noise even if sometimes it bored
     Disadvantage of dog and sheep
-over grazing
If you have many animals in your home their can lead to environmental pollution then diseases eruption
      Make sure you read all story above and you under stand well about sheep and dog.
Next time i will come with another story that is good and more improved compared to this so myself i well come you to view my blog always am sure you will enjoy.
   I want to give a lot of stories about life.
Now it is the time to explain about GOD.
      GOD is A HOLY SPIRIT,GOD IS A JESUS AND GOD  IS A YEHOVA
YEHOVA sacrifices his only son so that he can come and be our savior after he dies and then he wake up after three day .jesus help.us in every thing that we want

MARANDO: Poll THE CONSTITUTION IS A secret meeting the next general election.....................

MEMBER of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said the referendum polling Constitution proposed is one of the secret meeting of the general elections in the u.MJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said the referendum polling Constitution InayopendekezwMJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema , Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing referendum proposed Constitution is one of the secret meeting of this year's general election.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.a is one of the secret meeting of general elections this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon MESSENGER consultant of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.zoezi the ballot because it has benefits for This year, it's only secret meeting next general election, "he said.
MEMBER of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well kuacMJUMBE consultant of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.hana and the exercise of the vote because it contains profit for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.
Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza session only one budget, so it is not easy session that the amendment of laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he sema.MJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing referendum proposed Constitution is one of the secret meeting of this year's general election.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.

MEMBER of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said the referendum polling Constitution proposed is one of the secret meeting of the general elections in the u.MJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said the referendum polling Constitution InayopendekezwMJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema , Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing referendum proposed Constitution is one of the secret meeting of this year's general election.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.a is one of the secret meeting of general elections this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon MESSENGER consultant of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.zoezi the ballot because it has benefits for This year, it's only secret meeting next general election, "he said.
MEMBER of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well kuacMJUMBE consultant of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing Constitutional referendum is one of the secret meeting proposed a general election this year.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to the secret meeting politically because it will bring serious complaints country nzima.hana and the exercise of the vote because it contains profit for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.
Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza session only one budget, so it is not easy session that the amendment of laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he sema.MJUMBE of the Central Committee of Chadema, Bere Nyaucho Marando said ringing referendum proposed Constitution is one of the secret meeting of this year's general election.
Marando spoke to this newspaper yesterday when asked his opinion about this vote expected to hit 30 April this year nationwide.

"First nawashangaa the presidential advisors, the consultant how to declare the day of the vote before the registration process reviewed voters not done? It could well abandon the exercise consultant ballot because it has benefits for the year, is just a secret meeting next general election, "he said.

Marando professional who is a lawyer, said legal if the referendum is approved it must return to parliament to ikarekebishwe some rules such as an independent candidate or election law that movement is allowed to start working after the return of the president to authorize the signature aitie used.

"We all know that the parliament limebakiza only one budget session, so it is not easy to adjust the session that the laws derived from the Constitution proposed by the reality is that even if the reality can not be used in the next general election," he said.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.

Marando who is an advocate of the High Court said: "This is a dirty tricks to discourage voters as during the general election if you came and demanded a constitution to be adopted is this old, be discouraged so stop emerging vote aimed trunks of CCM fulfilled," he said Marando.

Asked what he would suggest in that said priority kingepewa on voter registration because even if the government does not have money for this purpose, it is easy to be supported by donors due to the sensitivity of the matter.

He added that it is dangerous to ignore the practice of registering to vote because it would be a bad thing if a person who has attained the age of voting will be denied that opportunity due to political secret meeting because it will bring serious complaints nationwide.

BUILDING PRODUCTION LESSON ONE

Building production

is the organization and management of the plans, equipment, materials and labour involved in the construction of a building, while at the same time complying with all codes, rules and contractual stipulations.

The procedure should be designed to run efficiently, to keep the costs low and to allow returns on the investment to be realized as early as possible.

Industrialised Building

a technique of construction where by components are manufactured in a controlled environment, either at site or off site, placed and assembled into construction works.

Open Building

is an approach to the design of buildings that is recognized internationally to represent a new wave in architecture, but a new wave with roots in the way ordinary built environment grows, regenerates and achieves wholeness.

Rationalization of Production 

the process of improving the means and methods of social production in order to improve production efficiency. The rationalization of production includes an improvement in equipment, production processes, and the organization of labour, production, and management

The building production process

The building production commences when the client starts to seriously consider investing in a structure and does not end until the finished building is in use.

The process is divided into stages which follow in logical sequence. Each stage is terminated by a decision. See tables.

Methods of construction

The methods of constructing buildings refers to the way in which units and components of the building structure are produced and assembled. The manner of organizing this process differs from region to region and depends on the level of technology and the materials available. The following are methods of construction:-

1.     Traditional Building

In traditional building, forms of construction are those evolved by the traditional building crafts, particularly those of walling, roofing, plastering, carpentry and joinery. This method is a process of combining many small units. Most of the fabrication and assembly takes place at the site and usually in the position that the unit is to occupy in the completed structure. Within each tribal culture, traditional building results in structures that are similar but differing slightly, depending on the specific requirements and site.

2.     Post-traditional Building

The post-traditional or conventional method of building mixes traditional and new forms of construction, involving both the old crafts and newly developed techniques based on new materials. To some extent traditional building has always been in a state of change, but the introduction of Portland cement and mild steel has made it feasible to construct large and complex buildings and with this arises the need for efficient organization of the construction process.

The amount of on-site fabrication has been reduced by the introduction of prefabricated, factory-produced components, especially in the field of joinery and carpentry (windows, doors, cupboards, roof trusses, etc.). Reinforced concrete and preformed steel lend themselves to off-site fabrication of parts and only their assembly on site.

Post-traditional building varies from the traditional mainly in the scale of the work carried out and in the use of expensive machinery for many operations. The use of prefabricated, standardized components reduces the amount of skilled labour, but at the same time reduces the freedom of the designer in meeting varying design requirements.

3.     System Building

System building is a method in which most of the building's component parts are factory-produced and siteassembled.

The main advantages in system building are the possibilities for efficient factory production of large numbers of similar building elements and the reduced period of time necessary for assembly at the site.

A disadvantage with this method is the high level of accuracy required for setting out and foundation work since the nature of the components and the principles of the system are such that mistakes are difficult to correct during the assembly process. The components (e.g., wall, floor, ceiling and roof elements) are usually related to a specific building type, such as houses, schools or warehouses or to a restricted range of types. The design of buildings produced by this method is inflexible and limits the possibility of adjusting to specific requirements at a certain site or to a local building tradition.

The methods of System Building through Prefabrication

Prefabrication is the manufacture of building components either on-site (but not in-situ) or off-site in a factory. The use of prefabricated components can reduce the need for skilled labour at the site, simplify construction by reducing the number of separate operations, and facilitate continuity in the remaining operations. However, prefabs are not necessarily timesaving or economical in the overall construction project. For example, the use of prefabricated lintels may save formwork and result in continuity in the bricklaying work, but would be uneconomical if a lifting crane is required at the site to place them, when it is not required for any other purpose on the job.

-On-site Prefabrication

On-site prefabrication may be of advantage where a number of identical components such as roof-trusses, doors, windows, gates and partitions are required. Once a mould or prototype has been made by a skilled craftsman, a number of identical components can be produced by less-skilled labour. Prefabrication of such items as roof-trusses will also make for more convenient and effective production than construction in-situ.

It is advantageous to prefabricate some concrete components. Components for elevated positions require simpler formwork if cast on the ground or in the ground so that the soil can be used to support the formwork. Prefabrication eliminates the waiting time for concrete components to harden sufficiently for subsequent on- site operations to continue, but the weight and size of concrete parts may make prefabrication impractical.

Local production by farmers of adobe bricks, burnt bricks, soil blocks, etc. is not normally referred to as prefabrication although similar planning and organization are required for the production of these units as for production of prefabricated building components.

-Off-sitePrefabrication

Factory production of components requires capital investment in machinery and premises, a high degree of organization of work, standardization and a steady demand for the products. Building components, which can be economically produced in a factory, essentially fall into three categories:

§  Those which have a high degree of standardization and are in great demand, so that mass production, utilizing the greater efficiency of modern factory production, is feasible, e.g., bricks, blocks, pipes, windows, doors and building hardware.

§  Those which incorporate materials or finishes that are exclusively or more efficiently produced with factory based techniques, e.g., metal components, plastic items, galvanized items and baked-paint finishes.

§  Those which make use of new factory-based techniques and machines, e.g., laminated-wood beams, prestressed concrete beams and insulated-sandwich panels.

Component production and dimensional co-ordination

In order to limit the variety in size of similar components, to facilitate their assembly at the site, and to make them interchangeable between different manufacturers, building components are manufactured in standardized dimensions based on an accepted system of dimensional coordination. Such preferred dimensions are given in standards together with specifications for minimum requirements of technical performance. When the experience gained in factory production of components increases, the technique will be applied to components of increasing size and complexity (e.g., wholly finished wall elements) and this will increase the need for dimensional coordination.

One system of dimensional coordination uses the international basic building module of 100mm. The reference system establishes a three-dimensional grid of basic modules, or very often multi-modules of 300mm, into which the components ft.

The modular grid does not give the size of the component but does allow space for it. In order for the component to fit correctly, it will always be slightly smaller than the space allowed for it. The system must allow for some inaccuracy in the manufacturing process and changes in size due to changing temperature and moisture conditions.

This is expressed as a tolerance in size. For example,

a window which is allowed a basic size of 1200mm for its width is produced with a working size of 1190mm and a manufacturing tolerance of 5mm, which is expressed as 1190 + 5mm. The actual dimension of a window delivered to the site would be somewhere between 1185mm and 1195mm. The joint would be designed to take these deviations into account.

Modular-size concrete blocks are 290mm long and modular format bricks are 190 x 90 x 40 or 90mm actual size to allow for 10mm mortar joints and plaster.

 The actual size of openings will then be 1220mm. In this process the designer has a responsibility to specify tolerances that can be achieved with available craftsmen and factories. It will be easier to fit factory produced window and door casements, which are made to standard modular sizes, if these sizes are also used when bricks and blocks are manufactured locally.

The common brick size of 215 x 102.5 x 65mm allows for laying four coarses to 300mm vertically and four brick lengths to 900mm horizontally, if 10mm joints are used. See figure attached for dimensional of a window of its width being 1200 mm

EXPERTS Japanese volunteers meet SECRETARY OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT - SERVICE...........

a 13 Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi, Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after athletes star of Tanzania verify kushiriki.a 13 of Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi, Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after the star athletes of Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who will kill one another and other stars from the country and abroad in 42.195 kilometer race.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who are killing each other and other stars from the country and abroad in the running of kilometers 42.195.a 13 of Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Region Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who are killing each other and other stars from the country and abroad in the running of kilometers 42.195.a 13 of Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Region Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who are killing each other and other stars from the country and abroad in the running of kilometers 42.195.a 13 of Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Region Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who are killing each other and other stars from the country and abroad in the running of kilometers a 13 Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi, Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who will kill one another and other stars from the country and abroad in 42.195.42.19a 13 kilometer race Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who are killing each other and other stars from the country and abroad in the running of kilometers 42.195.5a 13 of Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Region Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who will kill one another and other stars from the country and abroad in 42.195..a 13 kilometer race Kilimanjaro Marathon that is calculated held on March Mosi, 2014 in Moshi Kilimanjaro, have found new excitement after star athletes Tanzania confirm participation.

Director of the event, John Bayo, told champion Friday that such action is a matter of proud and hopeful that these athletes this trip will bring great reputation Tanzania due to their great versatility of trail running.

These athletes are Andrew Sambu, David Joseph and Doubtful distractions that will kill one another and others from across the country and abroad in the event of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Marathon men of 42.195 kilometers.

In terms of women who have registered to participate marathon is Fabiolla William, Sarah Maja and Banuelia Katesigwa who will kill one another and other stars from the country and abroad in 42.195 kilometer race.

Equality ORGANISATION FOR Growth (EFG) to launch THE LEGAL HELP for dealers..........

Acting Director of the Lushoto district council, Dk.Hassan Shelukindo (center), he cut the ribbon marking the launch of the project of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office Lushoto, Tanga region yesterday. Left is the Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), Jane Magigita and district Administrative Secretary (DAS), Josephine Kisigila. The project is managed by EFG



Women entrepreneurs are required to use management training in marketing law they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices EFG Lushoto where different dealers are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until 10 hours jioni.WAJASIRIAMALI women are supposed to use training law enforcement in the markets they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices EFG Lushoto where different dealers are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until 10 hours jioni.WAJASIRIAMALI women are supposed to use training law enforcement in the markets they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices in Lushoto EFG where different businesses are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until at 10 pm.


Women entrepreneurs are required to use management training in marketing law they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices EFG Lushoto where different dealers are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until 10 hours jioni.WAJASIRIAMALI women are supposed to use training law enforcement in the markets they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices EFG Lushoto where different dealers are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until 10 hours jioni.WAJASIRIAMALI women are supposed to use training law enforcement in the markets they have to educate others instead of staying at home without providing such education.

The call was made by the Acting Director of the Lushoto district council Dk.Hassan Shelukindo at the launch of the project office of legal assistance for businesses to market the project office at the district, Tanga region yesterday on behalf of the Director of councils that Tuesday's counsel.

"You women are lucky Lushoto the coming big project with this tutorial I beg you, go and get you work on your areas" said Dr. Shelukindo

He said the agency had obtained legal aid is very important to help the community in the markets and will help reduce violence kijisinsia.

Executive Director of the Agency for Equality for Growth (EFG), which runs the project, Jane Magigita said the goal of the project in the district is to encourage and protect the rights of dealers iwanawake in markets by providing knowledge of law, business, education of Coba, education the leadership and management of groups.

He EFG is the only organization in providing legal assistance to the informal sector that showed how much the industry it is neglected.

He said the project is running EFG in Lushoto district markets with development groups and that the organization responsible for training 25 days to 25 assistants who will distribute legal services to the community.

He said the training provided by the five phases where each phase will be done in about five days.

"The organization is responsible for training different training for entrepreneurs with the aim of improving the situation of women in business market through business training, creation of groups of Coba, different training for executives and leaders of the councils of the district of Lushoto to improve the situation of traders marketplace "said Magigita.

He said so far the organization has been successful in training the five-day law legal assistants 25, 8 men and 17 women from the markets and from other development groups within the Lushoto district council.

He also specialized center for legal aid offices in Lushoto EFG where different businesses are allowed to send their legal problems all day Monday and Wednesday starting at nine in the morning until at 10 pm.